gov, effective for use 10/1/23. 4 and 3% wt in relation to the dry matter of the starch over a time period of 2, 4, and 6 h. In an era of digital transformation, NUS Office of Student Affairs has taken a leap to pioneer its very own student-led podcast, WHOSAY! This groundbreaking initiative hopes to bring engaging and thought-provoking conversations, and explore topics close to. 8 and €9. 143B-53. Most common OSA abbreviation full forms updated in November 2023. Women with OSA are considered a separate group from men with OSA; and women with OSA have polysomnographic differences from men. Therefore, all three OSAs deliver similar results for channel power, wavelength and OSNR, provided the right OSNR method is used. 5 OSA is widely underdiagnosed; 86% to 95% of individuals found in population surveys with clinically significant OSA report no prior OSA diagnosis. 1 a, The OSA-PAM-3 hydrogel is able to withstand a high deformation under compression by 500 g weight, and can be recovered quickly upon release of the compressive force (Movie S1). OSA prevalence is reported to be even higher in the surgical population than the general population 8,. UPPP usually is performed in a hospital and requires a medicine that puts you in a sleep-like state. However, its impact on geriatric patients with a prior history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) has. This recommendation applies to adults 18 years or older without signs or symptoms of OSA. g. An HSAT provider will need to contact each insurer. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder in which the airway is partially or completely blocked multiple times during the night, interfering with breathing Trusted Source National Library of Medicine,. 0 and the RAI Process. Opt. Listen to music by Osa-G on Apple Music. OSA severity was also noted to vary in a subset of subjects with 26% to 35% changing the severity classification of their OSA (in either direction) on the 2 nights, though the majority were a shift of a single category (e. October 1, 2023 is around the corner, and with it comes a significant set of changes to the MDS 3. OSA CONUS-OCONUS requests shall be submitted through the respective validating office. This work proposes the potential utilization of IL-6, G-CSF, and hs-CRP as screening biomarkers for COPD in. 0 billion/year. These episodes are due to complete or partial collapse of upper airway. Risk of OSA. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of OSA in COPD patients. (N. Anatomy and Physiology. § 143B-53. 00 dBm Gain 25. 4 – 6. Dreyer are domiciled in Wake Island while J. examination of each patient. 001). Yoshimitsu, T. INSTRUCTIONS Note: The STOP-BANG questionnaire screens for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) only, not central sleep apnea. As a result, the ESR of OSA-g-PDMAEMA gels decreases by increasing the G (%) from pH 3. 5% for moderate to severe OSA. About this Journal. OSA management. 7,523 Followers, 2,352 Following, 1,063 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Marina Orsag (@marinaorsag)G47. 7. 7,270 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from ‘oosa’ hashtagThe antimicrobial activities of OSA-g-EPLs were also examined, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of OSA-g-EPLs against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Osa Grekov (@osa_g) • Instagram photos and videos. , (1970) Pastor Emeritus, Saint Ambrose Parish, Philadelphia Saint Paul Rectory 610-279-6725 2007 New Hope Street 610-279-6749 East Norriton, PA 19401-2109. KC-OSA was prepared as reported by Gharaghani et al. The mixture was shaken at 120 rpm in a water bath oscillator under 30 °C for 2 h. 2. L. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome characterized by periodic, partial, or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. It is estimated that 5–35% of the Iranian adults are at increased risk. V. Methods: We analyzed polysomnography (PSG) and self-reported clinical information from 1,922 patients tested in our clinical sleep laboratory. 39 [1. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is generated by the intermittent collapse of the upper airway during sleep, which leads to transient asphyxia []. 3/3 fly back to San Jose. The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and complications of OSA are reviewed here. 33 became effective on. One of the most common is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea. Polysomnography (PSG) is the most accurate method for diagnosing OSA, but it is a cumbersome and expensive test. Introduction. The STOP-Bang test was originally established to screen for OSA in a Canadian surgical population and has been used and validated in a preoperative population (7), sleep clinic population (8), (9), bus-driver population (10) and general population (11) to detect patients at high risk of OSA. Identification of patients with sleep disordered. Type II monitors have a minimum of 7 channels (e. This medicine is called a general anesthetic. 8 In practice positional OSA is defined as an AHI at least twice as high in supine position as in other positions. Afterwards. 1. Mountain Valley Spring Water. Margins should be set for a 3. S. A DoD-wide OSA. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and/or respiratory effort-related arousals caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. [1] This disturbance results in fragmented, nonrestorative sleep. This study examined the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of the Occupational Self Assessment (OSA) (Baron, Kielhofner, Iyenger, Goldhammer, & Wolenski, 2006) in a sample of adolescents during their recovery from infectious mononucleosis (MONO). In this way, when S 3a/S3b open. De la Osa, G. S. 143B-53. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to clarify the causal relationship between OSA and CSVD risk. Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) Device for OSA . Obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder and is characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway leading to reduced or absent breathing during sleep. 3. 00 dB G= 10log (L OUT_SIG / L IN) Gain 25. Women with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are at increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes such as fetal growth restriction, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The antimicrobial activities of OSA-g-EPLs were also examined, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of OSA-g-EPLs against Escherichia coli O157:H7 remained the same as that of EPL. Study design: Retrospective cohort study. Study design: Retrospective cohort study. P. 5% for moderate to severe OSA. Obese women with high OSA risk were more likely to have other comorbidities (e. This study assessed the safety and effectiveness at 6 months post-implantation of a novel device delivering bilateral HNS via a small implanted electrode activated by a. G. In Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2023, to appear. 1. The characteristics of OSA were investigated by laser particle analyzer, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, and DSC. Quality information and inspiring interactions through publications, meetings, and. snorning and mild OSA groups, and similarly increased A3 and reduced A1 and A2 indices in . , opioids, alcohol), older age, male gender, and smoking. l!Nf, 0A('<'~T) . e. In order to diagnose OSA, a sleep study is required. 026). The coexistence of these diseases has cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Optimization of OSA starch synthesis was first carried out by Jeon et al. 30 March 2023. Degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE) were significantly (p<0. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the most prevalent clinical entity in the spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing among adults and children, is defined by the presence of repeated episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airways during sleep, despite ongoing respiratory efforts 1. In Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2023, to appear. Note that IA approaches v OSaV for high G0. State Assessment. Nov 13, 2023, 10:57 AM. 0 and the RAI (Resident Assessment Instrument) is a comprehensive nurse assessment and care planning process used by the long-term and post-acute care field as a requirement for reimbursement under Medicare and Medicaid. desaturation. Beyond the PTSD criterion symptoms of insomnia and nightmares, 40% to 98% of veterans with PTSD also have a co-occurring sleep disturbance such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), periodic leg movement disorder, sleep terrors, or nocturnal anxiety attacks. The cost of impaired quality of life due to OSA undertreatment is between €2. 2 Authors: Alison Bode, Katie Houston, Amie Idicula, Bethany Marshall and Corrine Pratt of Daily Living (IADLs) compared to the value. Va lbuza et a l. The Alliance sponsors the initial. Most notably, dyslipidaemia and OSA share common genetic loci, such as PPAR-γ [157,158] or APOE polymorphism . After a person with OSA falls asleep, their airway intermittently narrows or collapses Trusted Source UpToDate More than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. OSA symptoms were significantly associated with younger age and insufficient physical activity (age-adjusted OR, 95% CI: 1. Download : Download full-size image; Fig. D. These acute effects mainly include the occurrence of wide swings of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate, as a result of alternating obstructive apnoea and hyperventilation episodes during sleep []. One hundred COPD patients (obese and non-obese) performed sleep questionnaires and polysomnograms. This may lead to regularly interrupted sleep, which can have a big impact on quality of life and increases the risk of developing certain conditions. 6, 1. , a patientThe genetic link between OSA and TG levels has recently been confirmed in a genome-wide association study . 3. , Sherrill, D. 3390/clinpract12040056. f patients with OSA, including airway management, anesthetic drug and agent effects, and choice of anesthesia type. Listen to music by Osa-G on Apple Music. Topic Scope: Advances in all aspects of optical networking science, technology, and engineering, including both theoretical and practical contributions. It explains the purpose, eligibility, timing, and coding of the OSA, as well as the submission and correction procedures. Published in English, it promotes the generation, application, and archiving of knowledge in optics and disseminates research worldwide. 192 Followers, 249 Following, 396 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Åsa Olsson (@aousigram)With this systematic review we aimed to determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults in the general population and how it varied between population. OSA was objectively documented in all NPS cases in our study even in mild NPS, and it was clearly found that more severe stenosis (grade 2) leads to more severe OSA than mild stenosis (grade 1) (p = 0. Some insurers accept the G codes while others accept the CPT® codes for HSATs (95800, 95801 and 95806). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasingly recognized as a complex and heterogeneous disorder [1]. When a MOS transistor is turned off, the charges in its conducting channel are released and removed through the MOS source and drain terminals2 [121, 122]. Despite the prevalence of this condition, OSA is frequently undiagnosed, either because patients do not regard their symptoms (e. On an individual level, the causes and consequences of OSA can vary substantially between patients. 658, 95% CI = -0. No. 550 to -0. Symptoms can include excessive daytime sleepiness, restlessness, snoring, recurrent awakening,. This, in turn, causes repetitive arousal from sleep to restore airway patency, which may result in daytime hypersomnolence or other daytime manifestations of disrupted sleep such as aggressive or distractible behavior in children. Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an increased risk of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Edition: View all formats and editions. 5 April 2023. Individual patients with sleep apnea may have. Topics include, but are not limited to, lasers, LEDs and other light sources; fiber optics and optical communications; imaging, detectors and sensors; novel materials and engineered structures; optical data storage and displays; plasmonics; quantum. About obstructive sleep apnoea. S. Face to Face (F2F) Encounter Template Guidance. OSA is also one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVDs) in both men and women [2, 3]. Reviewers. . sy stem to cl assify betw een the OSA and n on-OSA g roups. Moreover, they noted that large, prospective, placebo-controlled studies are needed to ascertain if treatment of OSA (e. Objective: Our study aims to explain the vital role of orthodontic therapies, whether. 2. Variable rate can change. The maximum amount of OSA as recommended by the FDA as food is 3% (w/w), the theoretical value of DS is 0. E. 0 to 2. Topic Scope: The journal publishes fundamental and applied research progress in optics and photonics. Methods: Post-hoc analysis of the ISAACC study included 1803 patients admitted for. 196) compared with those with OSA alone. Most of the time, the respiratory events are associated with snoring, oxygen desaturations and brief arousal from sleep. , EEG, EOG, EMG, ECG-heart rate, airflow, breathing/respiratory effort, SaO2)-this type of device monitors sleep staging, so AHI can be calculated). Facilities that prepare ahead of time will integrate the updates into their processes more smoothly and move ahead with confidence that their team can ensure. Depending on the apnoea and hypopnoea scoring criteria used, and depending on the sex and age of the subjects investigated, prevalence varies between 3% and 49% of the general population. But when the strain switched to γ = 100% and maintained for 100 s, the G′ and G″ decreased dramatically. OSA may accelerate atherosclerosis by exacerbating key atherogenic risk factors. OSA, which is characterized by intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, leads to and exacerbates obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as endocrine disturbances, such as hypothyroidism and Cushing. OSA is a condition that requires management. Use of this template is voluntary / optional . She was a retired cook from the Campus. randomized 31 patients with moderate OSA either to a sham therapy (n = 15) or to a set of oropharyngeal exercises derived from speech therapy (n = 16), consisting of isometric and isotonic exercises involving the tongue, soft palate and lateral pharyngeal wall. 2. polysomnography (e. With this systematic review we aimed to determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults in the general population and how it varied between population sub-groups. The protocol and study registration information is available at study registration no: ISRCTN62293645. 41(18), 6116-6116 (2023) View: PDF. Beyond the PTSD criterion symptoms of insomnia and nightmares, 40% to 98% of veterans with PTSD also have a co-occurring sleep disturbance such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), periodic leg movement disorder, sleep terrors, or nocturnal anxiety attacks. 05) influenced by sodium hydroxide concentration, OSA concentration, and mechanical activation time. 1–3. Objective clinical prediction rules are being developed; at present, risk assessment is based primarily on clinical judgment. Advances in on-chip photonic devices based on lithium niobate on. and S. Crosslinking of collagen fiber with OSA. We've added a new option to your Content Blocking settings which enables adult content but blurs out the tiles and images by default. RADAR T~ACXl~G C'F UNJnCNT1£. L-38649, March 26, 1979, 89 SCRA 131]. OSA is a frequent and often underestimated pathology affecting between 2 and 5% of the middle-aged population. g. , snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness) as the presence of a disorder, thus not seeking medical consultation, or because primary care physicians are often unable to recognize OSA signs and symptoms [5, 34], leading. Suggest. These examinations are administered to students in Kindergarten through Grade 12 enrolled in public, nonpublic, and charter schools throughout the State. 3 in. Pulsed swept-source FDML-MOPA laser with kilowatt picosecond pulses around 1550 nm. The effects of pH and ionic strength on the swelling behaviors of the gel beads were studied. 0. g. Introduction. Sleep disordered breathing, alternatively called obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is one of the most important biological cause of chronic sleep fragmentation and sleep deficiency []. Flexibility to add or withdraw money any time. 1 – 3 Current prevalence may be higher, given. Today's Top Downloads. BACKGROUND. For our first "City" contract, we created our first (15-year) longevity award of $700 per year. Atlanta. , testing methodology, scoring criteria used, and apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] threshold). Different treatment options are now available for. Women with. g. J. Among all the elderly patients (4. The Office of State Assessment (OSA) is responsible for the coordination, development, and implementation of the New York State Testing Program (NYSTP). Introduction: The impact of sleep on quality of life (QoL) has been well documented; however, there is a great need for reliable QoL measures for persons with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). INSTRUCTIONS Note: The STOP-BANG questionnaire screens for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) only, not central sleep apnea. Nocturia, also called nocturnal urination, is the regular urge to get up and urinate at night. 00 g collagen fiber (hide powder) was suspended in 20 mL distilled water, and then 20 mL crosslinker (OSA or fractions of OSA-0. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Optica is a dedicated venue for authors to publish high-profile research in both fundamental and applied optics and photonics. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the collapse of the oropharyngeal walls and the obstruction of airflow occurring during sleep. It is an initial assessment. If no relevant information is found for any given subheading within a section, the SDS shall clearly. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome characterized by periodic, partial, or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. It also includes a sample OSA cover sheet and a list of frequently asked questions. 3-cm (1. Palatal re ex e palatal reflex was obtained during the physical . A high-yield account that earns more than a typical savings account at a traditional bank. Two potential mechanisms include one where the neurocognitive effects are mediated by symptoms of OSA (e. In the case at bar, it cannot be denied that petitioner is an agent of ZAMEL. The coexistence of these diseases has cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. LRC to conduct RPBB in Dinagat Islands. Predictors of OSA risk were BMI, insomnia symptoms, and sleep aid use. 121 followers. A cross-sectional analysis conducted in 422 resistant hypertensive patients (82% OSA) by Muxfeld et al. Topic Scope: COL is one of the leading journals for optics in China. Zeppieri M, 0000-0003-0999-5545, University Hospital. In summary, aqueous KC solutions (2–8 % w/w) were prepared, placed in a water bath (80 °C, 20 min), and stirred overnight (40 °C) for complete hydration. Obstructive Sleep Apnea + 1. High Visibility: indexed within PubMed, PMC. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy is highly efficacious at preventing OSA when in use and has long been the standard treatment for newly diagnosed patients. g. Staff training and education with documentation for section GG will make more sense than with section G, especially with the assist level of support. Given the paucity of high-quality studies with regard to study design and execution in this perioperative field, recommendations were to a large part developed by subject-matter experts through consensus processes, taking into. , depression). g. LEONARDO DE LA ROSA AND THE HONORABLE COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, respondents. 220 East 23rd Street, Suite 707. g. The prevalence of OSA varies significantly based on the population being studied and how OSA is defined (e. Features include snoring, witnessed apnoeas, and sleepiness. OSA severity is defined as: Mild for AHI or RDI ≥ 5 and < 15 Moderate for AHI or RDI ≥ 15 and ≤ 30 Severe for AHI or RDI > 30/hourU. It’s popular not only because the brand is a domestic business but also because it has a balanced pH of 7. Background Whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is causally associated with an increased risk of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) remains controversial. This will need to change. The patient wakes with breath holding, gasping or choking. Liming Zhu, Qiyang Chen, Tao Chen, Guoqiang Lv,. What does OSA mean as an abbreviation? 515 popular meanings of OSA abbreviation: 50 Categories. For example, will an OSA have to be completed in those states to reflect the late loss ADLs or will the Case Mix requirements be. 7 OSA has been newly recognized as a secondary cause of HTN according to the Seventh Joint National Committee. Office of the Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs. Learn moreThis website uses cookies to deliver some of our products and services as well as for analytics and to provide you a more personalized experience. OSA dapat berefek signifikan terhadap kesehatan kardiovaskular, kualitas hidup dan keamanan berkendara. When to Use Pearls/Pitfalls Why Use Ask the. The OSA-g-PDMAEMA gel beads were prepared by dropping the aqueous solution of the graft copolymer into CaCl 2 aqueous solution. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Standard Number: 1910. 00 dB G = P OUT_SIG - P IN NF 3. Irrespective of the presence or absence of comorbid conditions, there was a statistically significant increase in OSA incidence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Qing Bai, Kun Zhang, Changshuo Liang, Yu Wang, Yan Gao, Hongjuan Zhang, and Baoquan Jin. Osa Grekov (@osa_g) • Instagram photos and videos. When OSA affects children and remains untreated, several negative consequences arise, including neurocognitive and behavioral. One common statistical approach to understanding this heterogeneity is cluster analysis, which identifies subgroups of a population such that individuals within the same group are. Technological advances have facilitated greater access to the diagnosis and ongoing management of OSA. As such, it guides and supervises the recognized student organizations, the student councils, the COMELECs; and conducts capability-building seminars for the organization advisers. 1. In recent years, four key contributors to OSA pathogenesis or “phenotypes” have been characterized. 4 – 6. 33 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. Observations: The most common presenting symptom of OSA is excessive sleepiness, although this symptom is reported by as few. The validating office shall determine the appropriate submission to NALO or DC AVN for Dedicated OSA. Background The conjunction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known as overlap syndrome (OS). Implementation of the policy in Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-126. AAPACN nurse experts help you stay up to date on changes to. 3-µm single-frequency Tm: ZBLAN fiber amplifier with output power of 1. Read more about this journal. Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. , Fort Meade, Md. It is due to periodic partial or complete collapse of the upper airways during sleep (). The validating office shall determine the appropriate submission to NALO or DC AVN for Dedicated OSA. 026). OSA has been linked to increased rates of postoperative complications following surgery. Obstructive sleep apnoea occurs much more frequently in clinical practice than formerly diagnosed, and that this condition represents complex challenges for difficulty in mask ventilation, laryngoscopic intubation,. The results indicate that the gel beads have pH and ionic strength sensitivity. OSA is an extremely common condition and is associated with a variety of adverse health consequences. 1 under the section number and heading indicated for sections 1-11 and 16. Water Cleaning and High-Pressure Cutting Services. The cost of impaired quality of life due to OSA undertreatment is between €2. Abstract. 5. DREYER, and J. Adopted by the AASM Board of Directors: August 18, 2017. 17 (1. , depression). Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a relatively common condition where the walls of the throat relax and narrow during sleep, interrupting normal breathing. 1 author. Wildlife on budget. Optica is the leading society in optics. Independent variables, as well as their extents, are presented in Table 1. 1 The mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of OSA in children are multiple and include anatomic, craniofacial, and neuromuscular factors. 24, 30. Re: Wildlife on budget. Introduction. At OSA we believe in listening, in caring and in building life-long relationships. Symptoms can include excessive daytime sleepiness, restlessness, snoring, recurrent. 40 g NaCl were added. Studies have established the relationship between OSA and a multitude of adverse health outcomes including cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases, indicating the nature of OSA as a disorder with high comorbidity and. 99 A significant independent association between the 2 disorders exists even after. The OSA is designed to evaluate clients’ perceptions of their own occupational competence and occupational identity, thereby establishing priorities for change (Baron et al. , diabetes) and non-clinical (e. Early. 1. This can happen for many reasons, ranging from the structure of your head and neck to having excess body weight. 0. The Organization of Staff Analysts (OSA) is. LEONARDO DE LA ROSA AND THE HONORABLE COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, respondents. Find a Grave Memorial ID: 55664059. OSA is one of the most common sleep disturbances, affecting between 5% and 10% of the general American population. (1) Background: Foster Kennedy syndrome (FKS) is an ophthalmological condition characterized by an insidious reduction in vision in one eye, accompanied by clinically significant papilledema in the fellow eye. ory depression (OIRD) compared to the general population. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a clinical entity characterised by recurring episodes of apnoea and/or hypopnoea during sleep due to a total or partial collapse of the upper airway 1-3. og_Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by episodes of a complete (apnea) or partial collapse (hypopnea) of the upper airway with an associated decrease in oxygen saturation or arousal from sleep. 3/2 explore area. The G codes (G0398, G0399 and G0400), which describe home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) services, were added to the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) Level II in 2008. S. High-resolution liquid level sensor utilizing a microwave photonics interrogated multicore fiber interferometer. Objective This study aims at assessing the economic burden. They call for more evidence that assesses clinically significant outcomes, (e. The most commonly used and studied OA consists of a maxillary and mandibular splint which hold the lower jaw forward during sleep. Dr. A. 32–1. Kshon, Nagajuna & Osa-G), Gat Seizin (feat. Most of the time, the respiratory events are associated with snoring, oxygen desaturations and brief arousal from sleep.